Comparison and contrast of Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley

Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley civilizations have long been compared throughout history and were both some of the earliest civilizations in the world. Mesopotamia, also known as, the land between the rivers, was named for the triangular area between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers. This area has been extended and now covers modern day Iraq, adding ancient Assyria and Babylonia to that land. The Indus civilization is often referred to as the Harappan civilization from the first city discovered called Harappa. The Indus civilization existed in the vast river plains of what are now Pakistan and northwestern India between the Indus and Ganges rivers from about 2800 BC to 1800 BC. Though these two territories had many things in common†¦show more content†¦You stay into the class you were born into. This ties in with the religious belief of reincarnation and that you must lead a good life in order to have good Karma and be born into a better caste. Each class lived a differe nt lifestyle. They had certain occupations that other classes dont follow, they ate different types of food, they had different family customs, and so forth. The Brahmin were the judges and priests who held important positions in government and had the most wealth and power. In Mesopotamia the ruling powers were both divine and royal. The Sumerians had a belief that people were created by gods to labor for them. The temple and its land belonged to the god Ningirsu and his wife Baba, and their family. The land owning upper classes included ruling princes and their families, leading priests, and palace officials. The political function was not separated from the religious function for much of Mesopotamias history. In old Babylonian times a town or a precinct mayor led a group or council of elders. Nobility formed the upper house of elders, and also land-owning commoners met in a popular assembly to make important decisions. Together they managed dealings such as appointing governors, and choosing kings to be temporary military commanders in times of crisis. Eventually there was a separation of the kings from the temple, and the soldiers were kept in the kings palace. The king with his increasingShow MoreRelatedMesopotamia, Egypt, and Indus Valley Essay813 Words   |  4 Pagesfascinating developments, the most prominent being the first civilizations, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. They had many similarities, such as characteristics of early civilizations and social structures, but they also had their differences. The most embossed differences included the divergent geography, prior belief, trade, relations with other civilizations, and politics. The earliest societies, such as Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt exhibiting indicator traits of civilization developed alongRead Morecompare and contrast 11262 Words   |  6 Pages (45 points) Score 1. Compare and contrast key characteristics of two early civilizations (choose from Mesopotamian, Shang, Indus Valley, Chavin, and Phoenician) in terms of three of the following: economy, political system, art and architecture, religion, technology, legacy. Answer: Of the worlds first civilizations, all successful and renowned were located on or near a river. The Mesopotamian and Chavà ­n civilizations were no exception to this. Mesopotamia originated in modern-day Iraq in 8000Read MoreArgumentative Essay on Telivision Is the Leading Cause of Violence in Todays Society9353 Words   |  38 Pages(Kot Diji Phase, Nausharo I, Mehrgarh VII) 2600-1900 Mature Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization) Integration Era 2600-2450 Harappan 3A (Nausharo II) 2450-2200 Harappan 3B 2200-1900 Harappan 3C 1900-1300 Late Harappan (Cemetery H); Ochre Coloured Pottery Localisation Era 1900-1700 Harappan 4 1700-1300 Harappan 5 1300-300 Painted Gray Ware, Northern Black Polished Ware (Iron Age) Indo-Gangetic TraditionThe Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; matureRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay13163 Words   |  53 PagesParents Prince Regent Alexander and Philip Philips Reign Alexander becomes the King Alexanders European Campaigns Invasion of Persia The Battle of Granicus Asia Minor and the Battle of Issus Conquestof the Phoenicia AlexanderinEgypt Alexanderin Mesopotamia The Battle of Arbella Campaign eastward, to Central Asia Alexanders Death Hellenistic Era Epilogue Introduction. Alexandros III Philippou Makedonon (Alexander the Great, Alexander III of Macedon) (356-323 B.C.), King of Macedonia, was born inRead MoreWorld History AP8768 Words   |  36 Pageswhile lower-level officials were drawn from local authorities. This system was monitored by imperial spies. †¢ Persia’s rule of its many conquered peoples was strengthened by a policy of respect for the empire’s non-Persian cultural traditions. †¢ In contrast, Greek political organization was based on hundreds of independent city-states or small settlements of between 500 and 5,000 male citizens. †¢ The Greeks did not build an empire but did expand through the establishment of colonies around the MediterraneanRead MoreAgriculture and Technology6502 Words   |  27 PagesSimilarly, worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 1 t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in 1990. South American average wheat yields are around 2 t/ha, African under 1 t/ha, Egypt and Arabia up to 3.5 to 4 t/ha with irrigation. In contrast, the average wheat yield in countries such as France is over 8 t/ha. Genetic engineering Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered by genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant

Should Euthanasia Be Legalized - 1097 Words

Meriam Webster defines Euthanasia as â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of the hopelessly sick or injured individual (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy.† This mercy killing is often referred as an easy and painless death. Euthanasia can be done in two ways, either from a request of a dying patient or that person’s legal representative. Euthanasia is defined in different terms depending on the permission of the patient. When this is done it with permission it is known as voluntary Euthanasia. Active or positive Euthanasia is when someone takes deliberate action to cause a death. Currently Euthanasia is not allowed by law to be practiced on people. Doctors can make a†¦show more content†¦163 out of 273 doctors have agreed to procedures which would hasten the patient’s death. In another survey, 119 out of 124 doctors have taken the responsibility to bring about the patient who had asked to have euthanasia. Following that survey, 276 doctors have prepared to withdraw or withhold a treatment consciously knowing that the procedure would prolong the patient’s life. Physician assisted death provides the patient with an ultimatum that makes death with dignity a real option. Patients escaping death by suicide are seen as cowardly for taking away their own life however, euthanasia provides them with a dignified manner to escape pain. The family and the patient should realize there is a financial imperative that will save the patient money which benefits the physician and the patient. For instance drugs to aid in speedy death range from under $100 likewise, treating the patient on a ventilator or surgeries are far more expensive. Physicians believe it saves money in the long-term and provides them with more time to treat other patients. Unitarian Universalist believe that life can be compromised when a person decides that when the inevitable happens and there is no chance of living their normal lifestyle; that they can take the proper action to end the life of the human in dignity. Catholics believe life is a sacred gift from God that is to be cherished and respected. Every human being is

Lovely People Do Stupid Things Essay Example For Students

Lovely People Do Stupid Things Essay Lovely People Do Stupid ThingsHow is love to influence our lives? Love-struck people do crazy things to express how they care for that particular person yet it is a long and windy road to these actions. It is down this path that experience spawns and trouble and happiness are felt. Janie Crawford of Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, shows the road through the steps of her three relationships. These relationships, though not fulfilling ones, conclude in bettering Janies search and understanding of life. Johnny Taylor, Janies first kiss and gatekeeper to her future, When Janie was sixteen, she embarked on a sexual awakening. Johnny Taylor was a poor young man who lived in the Florida area. Janie allowed him to kiss her over the fence. Unfortunately, Nanny saw everything. With Nannys horrendous background of sinful deeds done to her, she wanted the best for Janie. As she saw the kiss, the doors of life opened for Janie and Nanny wasnt going to have her make the same mistakes that she had. Yet, Nanny had been impregnated under the circumstances of being a slave and this was not the case for Janie. Nanny stated that black women were the mules of the world, but she didnt want Janie to be a mule. She wanted to see Janie in a secure situation before she died, and Logan Killicks could provide that. Janie did not want to marry Logan, but she did so because Nanny told her that she would eventually come to love him. Ironically, Logan wanted to force Janie into the servitude that Nanny feared. Also, he was disappointed that Janie never returned his affection and attraction. If he could not possess her through love, he would possess her by demanding her submission. At heart, his actions arose from the fear that Janie would leave him. Two months after her marriage to Logan, Janie visited Nanny to ask when she would start loving him. Nanny berated Janie for not appreciating Logans wealth. Although Logan pampered Janie for a year, he began complaining that she was spoiled. That night, Logan criticized Janie for being spoiled and lazy. Janie voiced his deepest fears when she suggested that she might leave him. Logan reminded her of her familys reputation, hoping to hurt her feelings. Turning to these drastic of measures blew Janie into a frenzy and she left with a smooth-talking gentleman that very next day. Janie chose to leave Logan for Jody because he revived her dreams of love in marriage. Her first marriage had taught her that marriage and love do not go hand in hand. However, she still believed that love was the best motivation for marriage. Jody promised that he would never turn Janie into a common pack mule. He promised her that she would reap all the benefits of his work. His words eerily echo Nannys dream of respectability and financial security for Janie. However, Janie didnt marry Jody because of these promises. She married him because he inspired the feelings she had experienced while sitting under the blossoming peach tree when she was sixteen and the moment her womanhood became crystal clear. Ironically, Janies marriage to Jody was the very embodiment of Nannys dreams for her. Unlike Logan, he did not make her a pack mule. He gave her financial security and respectability. However, the marriage was largely an unhappy union. Janie could not be herself around Jody. Moreover, Jody still used Janie as a garbage even though he gave her wealth and respectability. So it seems that Nannys worst fears and her highest hopes were realized in Janies second marriage. It was until one afternoon in the store that she met a lofty yet handsome young man who went, strangely enough, by the name of Tea Cake. .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 , .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 .postImageUrl , .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 , .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261:hover , .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261:visited , .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261:active { border:0!important; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261:active , .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261 .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5d79dee25acf29380cd38418a3a11261:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diabetes EssayTea Cakes courtship was different from that of Logan and Jody. Janies first marriage was more of a contract of sale between Nanny and Logan than anything else. Janies second marriage was an escape from the first one. Moreover, it was based on disappointed dreams. Jody courted her by talking about himself and his dreams. Tea Cake, on the other hand, pursued Janie with a more romantic flair.

Integumentary an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Integumentary by Expert writer-Eloquence | 21 Dec 2016 The largest and most underappreciated organ that has such wide-ranging functions is the integumentary system. This system accounts for approximately sixteen percent of a humans total body weight, and it acts as the bodys first line of defense against constant attacks by microorganisms, sunlight and environmental chemicals and hazards (Martini 154). Need essay sample on "Integumentary" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The two major components include the superficial epithelium (epidermis) and dermis, which is comprised of underlying connective tissues (Martini 154). The primary functions of the skin and underlying layers are protection of impact, abrasions and fluid loss. Its excretion of salts, water, organic waste productions, as well as regulation of body temperature are very important, also (Martini 154). The integumentary system is involved in the synthesis of vitamin D3, which is important in normal calcium metabolism. It is vital in the detection of touch, pressure, temperature and pain, and relaying such information to the nervous system (Martini 155). The epidermis is made up of a stratified squamous epithelium that provides a c substantial amount of protection that keeps microorganisms outside the body. The epidermis is avascular (Martini 155). These cells depend on nutrient diffusion and oxygen from capillaries within the dermis. The epidermis encompasses two layers: thin and thick. Thin skin layer cells contain the protein keratin and cover the majority of the bodys surface. This layer is as thick as a plastic sandwich bag (.08mm). Thick skin is found on the soles of the feet and palms. This epidermis layers is slightly thicker at .5mm, or the thickness of a standard paper towel (Martini 155). Carotene and melanin are the two epidermal pigments that are the basis of skin color. Carotene is a orange-yellowish pigment that normally accumulates in the epidermal cells. This is found in orange vegetables like carrots and squash. Eating high quantities of these vegetables can cause an overabundance, which will turn the inpiduals orange (Martini 158). Carotene can be converted into vitamin A required for both maintenance of the epithelia and synthesis of photoreceptors in the eye (Martini 158). Melanin is a yellow-brown, or black, pigment produced in melanocytes. These cells are deep within epithelial cells. Melanin protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful ultraviolet rays the sunlight (Martini 159). The second main component of the integumentary system is the dermis. The dermis lies between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer. The subsections of the dermis are the papillary layer and the reticular layer. The papillary layer contains the capillaries, sensory neurons and lymphatics that supply the skins surface (Martini 161). The reticular layer is a vast network of dense irregular connective tissue containing both elastic fibers and collagen (Martini 161). The presence of collagen and elastic fibers provide the skin with strength and elasticity. Collagen fibers are strong and resist stretching. However, collagen bends and twists easily. Elastic fibers allow stretching and recoil to its original length (Martini 162). They both provide flexibility but prevent damage to the tissue (Martini 162). The subcutaneous layers are connective tissue fibers that are located in the reticular layer and intergraded into the hypodermis. This layer is not part of the integument, but is an intricate part of stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues, like other organs, skeletal muscle, all while offering independent movement (Martini 163). The subcutaneous layer is comprised of areolar and adipose tissue and is elastic. Arteries and veins are only located in the superficial region, which contain a great deal of blood that will go to general circulation if blood vessels contact (Martini 163). The adipose tissue acts as a shock absorption system. Dispersion of the subcutaneous adipose changes through an inpiduals adulthood in response to sex hormones. In early life, the adipose deposits are common in the neck, lower back and buttocks. As adulthood reaches in women it accumulates in the breasts, hips and thighs. High amounts in both sexes are present in the abdominal region (Martini 164). The skin is the largest and most visible organ that can make diagnosis of abnormalities easily noticeable. General conditions of the skin can be important, such as colored appearances, changes in flexibility, elasticity, dryness and sensitivity of the skin. For instance, yellowish skin and mucous membranes may indicate jaundice. The liver is unable to excrete a digestive compound called bile. The yellow pigment builds up in the bodily fluids. Moreover, in advanced stages, jaundice can cause the skin and sclera to turn yellow (Martini 159). Complications can very but can cause life-threatening liver failure. A liver function test is needed to determine severity. Even though jaundice is not a direct skin disorder the physical appearance indicates this disease, and a physician can properly diagnosis this problem (National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health 2008). With age, the supply of blood to the dermis becomes diminished. This effect causes the skin to become cool and stimulate thermoreceptors (Martini 173). This response can make an inpidual cool in a warm room. Then again, the circulation to the skin lessens causing an inability to lose body heat. The sweat glands do not function properly and cannot cool the inpidual down like it should. This is contributed to the less active merocine sweat glands. Overexertion and exposure to very hot climates will cause the body to reach hazardous temperatures (Martini 173). As aging process progress, the integumentary system declines in overall function. This skins structure is thin and cells are not as tightly packed leaving the body susceptible for infection. As the skin thins when inpiduals age germinative cell activity greatly deteriorate leaving them prone to both injury and infections (Martini 172). For example, the number of Langerhans cell can decrease as much as fifty percent of levels seen at maturity, roughly 21 years of age (Martini 173). These Langerhans are cells rise from the bone marrow to the dermis. These cells are important in the immune system (Wrenn 2003). Another disease that is linked to the immune system and integumentary system is psoriasis. It can affect anyone, but is more common throughout adulthood (Penn State University). This disease causes dry, itchy, sore patches of skin with silvery scales. Common problem areas included the elbows, knees, face and feet. T-cells are a type of white blood cells that usually aid the body against infections, but are put to action by error (National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health 2008). These T-cells become so overly active that it interferes with the adult inpiduals immune response. It leads to fast skin cell turnover. The skin cells deep within rise to the surface. The process takes about a month in inpiduals without psoriasis it only takes days with psoriasis. Common treatments include topical creams that relieve swelling and skin turnover. Physicians can administer medicine through a shot if the psoriasis is severe and is called systemic treatment (National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health 2008). Melanocyte activity declines with age and light-skinned inpiduals become pale and more sensitive to the suns harmful UV rays. This increases the risk of sunburns and skin cancer. Skin cancer is an uncontrollable growth of skin cells that can spread to other tissues and organs (National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health 2008). Nonmelanoma is the most common skin cancer after the age of 40 years of age. This could be contributed to the lack of melanocyte activity. Nonmelanoma is a direct result of ultraviolet exposure ((National Library of Medicine s protective pigment. Skin swelling can occur. An older adult or elderly inpidual can become affected quickly due to the lack of melanin. This could be combated with the proper sunscreen to help protect the skin from the sun (National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health 2008). Almost anyone will have benign tumors of the skin, and moles are the common example. However, skin cancer is much more dangerous and the most common form of cancer (Martini 160). Two-thirds of all skin cancers appear in region that are chronically exposed to UV light. Malignant melanomas are extremely dangerous and involve cancerous melanocytes and growth and spread rapidly. It is very important for early detection. Once treated survival rate of five years or more is ninety-nine percent. If detected late and extensive metastasis occurs the prognosis is a survival rate drops fourteen percent (Martini 160). Elderly inpiduals are affected because they become more sensitive to UV rays and are fair-skinned. Research concludes that fair-skinned inpiduals are most susceptible to all forms of skin cancer (Martini 160). This can be avoided by not being exposed to the sun midday when the sunlight is the most dangerous. Always use sunscreen with a SPF 20-30. The organic chemicals in sunscreen help scatter and reflect the suns UV rays. Protect clothing is also a protect option (Martini 160). Increased sun exposure can increase the risk of skin cancers and sunburns, but also can unravel the interconnected fibers that provide the skins structure and elasticity. The collagen and elastic fibers break down and decrease in size, thus becoming weaker and less flexible. Sagging and winkling of the skin will occur (Martini 173). Although, sagging and winkles may be inevitable the degree can be reduced by proper skin care and protection from sunlight. The production of vitamin D declines approximately seventy-five percent. The result is a reduced absorption of calcium and phosphate. This will eventually lead to muscle weakness and bone strength and density (Martini 173). This in return will lead to possible bone fractures and other muscular or skeletal injury. If the skin cannot produce vitamin D a supplemental form may be administered in order to maintain bone development (Martini 161). The integumentary system is a complex network that offers protection from the elements, impact and microorganisms. As everyone ages and obvious physical and physiological changes begin to occur, most are unavoidable. It is important to take care of and protect the skin early in life to help lessen the severity of most conditions like skin cancer. Immune failure that cause skin disorders like psoriasis should be handled immediately with proper medical care. The integumentary system literally keeps every inpiduals lives together and should be treated with the utmost care. References Integumentary System. 2008. Penn State University. Handout pg. 54. Martini, Frederic H., Ph.D., et al. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. Pearson, Benjamin and Cummings Pushlishing, 2006. Seventh Edition. Pgs. 150-170. Skin Cancer. 21 March 2008. National Library of Medicine and National Institute of Health. Updated 20 February 2008 Psoriasis. 21 March 2008. National Library of Medicine and National Institute of Health. Updated 11 March 2008. Wrenn, Eric A. Integumentary System. 22 March 2008. University of Pittsburg.

Security Plan For Longfellows Wine Group Information Technology Essay Essay Example

Security Plan For Longfellows Wine Group Information Technology Essay Essay With the duty for the private informations of 1000s of clients, its no admiration that Longfellows group counts information security as one of its top precedences. The end of Longfellows security plan is to implement cost effectual countermeasures that mitigate the exposures that will most likely lead to loss. This paper discusses the menaces which put Longfellows most at hazard of loss and the controls which they employ to countermeasure those menaces. A elaborate security policy is discussed, sketching single duties, security processs and catastrophe recovery programs. This paper besides makes future recommendations as to how Longfellows could break increase the security of their systems into the hereafter. We will write a custom essay sample on Security Plan For Longfellows Wine Group Information Technology Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Security Plan For Longfellows Wine Group Information Technology Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Security Plan For Longfellows Wine Group Information Technology Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Executive Summary: 2 1. Introduction 4 2. Organisation Description 4 Comprises of Longfellows Insurance Brokers, Longfellows Wine Export Pty Ltd, Winefellows Pty ltd, and Longfellows Shanghai Trading Pty Ltd. Presently they have 5 full clip employees in the Melbourne Office with two authorised representatives for the insurance securities firm one in QLD and one in NSW. The Melbourne office comprises of our chief / manager, Senior Insurance agent, Support Marketing and Administration trough, bookkeeper and Wine Export Logistics and China liaison. 4 There is eight staff in the Shanghai office including the Shanghai manager wholly related to gross revenues and disposal of wine exports into China from Australia. 4 . 4 2.1 Current Networked System 4 2.2 Organisational Chart 5 3 Security Policy 6 3.1 Security Goals 6 3.1.1 Duties of the Principle Director 6 3.1.2 Duties of the Operations Manager 7 3.1.3 Duties of the Marketing Officer 7 3.1.4 Duties of the Financial Controller 8 3.1.5 Duties of the IT Manager 9 3.2 Duties for Goals 9 3.3 Committedness to Security. 10 4. Current Security Status 10 4.1 Accidents and Catastrophes 10 4.1.1 Threats and Controls 10 4.1.2 Data Analysis 11 4.1.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls 11 4.2 Data Attacks 12 4.2.1 Threats and Controls 12 4.2.2 Data Analysis 12 4.2.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls 13 5. Decisions 13 6. Recommendations 14 6.1 Internal A ; External menaces 14 6.1.1 Threats and Controls 14 6.1.2 Data Analysis 14 6.1.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls 15 7. Execution of recommended controls 15 7.1 Timetabling 15 7.2 Responsibility 15 7.3 Schedule for Review of Security and Control Items 16 Mentions 17 18 Appendix B 19 Appendix C 22 1. Introduction With the of all time increasing menace from virus, spyware, hackers and individuality offense the demand for secure calculating informations and equipment has reached new degrees in the modern age. Every administration and computing machine user knows all to well the harm malicious package can make to a computer science system, with that in head, major Information technology companies have develop ways to battle against these menaces and most employ more than one technique. Longfellows is Insurance company which offers securities firm and policies to concern and single clients likewise. Longfellows understands the demand to protect client s personal informations utilizing the best industry patterns and equipment available. Henry wadsworth longfellows do nt officially hold a security policy in relation to its calculating system but do hold one in topographic point for their employees. This papers will assist to sketch that policy and place the duties of all users. This papers chief focal point is to place those menaces probably to do failure or loss to Longfellows calculating systems and to seek to quantify those menaces and set up the cost of the controls to decrease those menaces. 2. Administration Description Comprises of Longfellows Insurance Brokers, Longfellows Wine Export Pty Ltd, Winefellows Pty ltd, and Longfellows Shanghai Trading Pty Ltd. Presently they have 5 full clip employees in the Melbourne Office with two authorised representatives for the insurance securities firm one in QLD and one in NSW. The Melbourne office comprises of our chief / manager, Senior Insurance agent, Support Marketing and Administration trough, bookkeeper and Wine Export Logistics and China affair. There is eight staff in the Shanghai office including the Shanghai manager wholly related to gross revenues and disposal of wine exports into China from Australia. . 2.1 Current Networked System Desktops: They presently have 10 Desktop machines in the Melbourne office with two of these moving as waiters and two of these are run on a splitter for the disposal manger/ selling. Laptop computing machines: Two laptops in Melbourne office for manager and senior agent and authorized reps have a lap top each. Printers: Three One coloring material bubble jet / Two Black and white optical masers. Waiters: One waiter runs HPML 10 Windowss Microsoft windows little concern waiter 2003 R2 and other one runs HP ML 10 Windows 2003 R2 Internet connexion: Speed is ADSL 2 plus provided by TPG cyberspace 2.2 Organisational Chart George Zaal Director Kellie Rose Administration/ Marketing Insurance A ; Wine Export Alex Jenner Operation Manager Insurance Lee Yan Logisticss and Supply Office for vino export Spirio Bombos IT Manager Johanna Garry Histories Insurance and Wine Export 3 Security Policy 3.1 Security Goals 3.1.1 Duties of the Principle Director Longfellows rule manager assures the security of all calculating assets processed internally or externally. ( Caelli, 1991 ) . This duty entails the execution of equal safe guards, including physical, administrative and proficient, to protect personal proprietorship and other sensitive informations, which may shack within the company s legal power. Giving consideration to Longfellows bing security patterns and past jobs a proficient security plan should incorporate at least the followers: Assign exclusive duty of all hardware and package installings to Spirio or to those who may win his place. Keep a showing and interview procedures for all those who operate or maintain computing machine systems with sensitive company informations. Levels of showing should be performed by the appropriate degree of direction with equal accomplishments to judge campaigners for the function. Specify a control procedure, implemented by appropriate direction to guarantee all new computing machine applications and alterations are physically and technically safe from failure, if informations is peculiarly sensitive so at a lower limit a bomber set of constabularies and duties should be included. Approve all application alterations prior to installing of the application and guarantee the person responsible for the security of the application has appropriate blessing. Review and look into all application proving, to see if the application meets approved security specifications. Upon completion of proving, a alteration of the consequences should be documented. Any interested parties should site the papers, there by admiting the application performs harmonizing to the trial process and meets the security policy. Longfellows rule manager and IT director will carry on and sporadically supervise the security precautions of sensitive application informations. Any amendments shall be documented and organised as portion of security paperss. Monitoring of system applications will be determined at appropriate intervals by direction and IT director. Any procurance of new hardware, package or other calculating peripherals are to be reviewed to guarantee they run into appropriate security demands and they conform to bing security constabularies. Assign duty to the IT director to carry on a hazard analysis of each computing machine installing. The hazard analysis should specify any possible failing with each constituent and aid cut down loss of sensitive informations in a ruinous event. An analysis should be performed whenever a new piece of equipment is introduced into the system, prior to blessing by direction and at periodic intervals non transcending longer than three old ages. Assign duties to guarantee the appropriate eventuality programs are topographic point to cover with a information loss event or equipment failure. These programs should detail the appropriate action/s and responsible parties in order to the return services. Plans should be reviewed when there are alterations to the system or the resulting losingss are increased. 3.1.2 Duties of the Operations Manager The operations director Alex Jenner ( current ) or predecessors shall help the manager and IT Manager in keeping the unity and security of all insurance informations and client contact inside informations. The operations director should adhere to current security policies and guarantee all personal and properness insurance informations is secure from failure. Should guarantee that equal cheques are performed before leting persons to come in or modify sensitive informations. Should guarantee in the event of failure that information is recoverable and that losingss are keep to a lower limit. 3.1.3 Duties of the Marketing Officer The Marketing director Kellie Rose ( current ) or predecessors shall help the manager and IT Manager in keeping the unity and security of all selling informations and email contact inside informations. The selling director should adhere to current security policies and guarantee all personal and properness selling informations is secure from failure. Should guarantee that equal cheques are performed before leting persons to come in or modify sensitive informations. Should guarantee in the event of failure that information is recoverable and that losingss are keep to a lower limit. 3.1.4 Duties of the Financial Controller The fiscal accountant Johanna Garry ( current ) or predecessors shall help the manager and IT Manager in keeping the unity and security of all fiscal informations. The fiscal accountant should adhere to current security policies and guarantee all personal and properness insurance informations is secure from failure. Should guarantee that equal cheques are performed before leting persons to come in or modify sensitive informations. Should guarantee in the event of failure that information is recoverable and that losingss are keep to a lower limit. 3.1.5 Duties of the IT Manager The IT director, with the blessing and way, of the rule manager shall: Issue and enforce security constabularies in line with the companies legal demands company criterions and industry best pattern for implementing calculating security. Ensure any purchase of new calculating equipment, whether package or hardware fitting current security policies Monitor and supply appropriate installations to house calculating equipment, so that ruinous events are minimised and unauthorized entry to sensitive calculating equipment is prevented. Ensure all calculating users are cognizant of system security steps and to react in instances of system failure. Conduct and reappraisal package and hardware system before and after their debut to the system. The reappraisal procedure must be documented and approved by appropriate direction. 3.2 Duties for Goals Position Incumbent Goals Director George Zaal 3.1.1 3.1.1.1 3.1.1.2 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 Operationss Manager Alex Jenner 3.1.2 Marketing Military officer Kellie Rose 3.1.3 Financial Controller Johanna Garry 3.1.4 IT Manager Spirio Bombos 3.1.5 3.3 Committedness to Security. As Longfellows is chiefly an Insurance agent, security is of the topmost importance. All of Longfellows employees are required to reexamine and subscribe the company s Information Security Policy, as per employee contracts. The aim of these contracts is to educate employees on the sensitiveness of the confidential informations stored on the Longfellows systems and to guarantee that all protections are taken to safe guard Information Assets and bound exposure to those people without a demand to cognize. Personal and Insurance information that is held on by Longfellows is protected through the usage of secure watchwords, firewalls and a locked and restrained premiss. Entree to personal information is limited to those who specifically need it to carry on their concern duties. Longfellows besides maintain physical security processs to pull off and protect the usage and storage of paper records incorporating personal information. Longfellows will merely maintain personal information so long as required by jurisprudence and will take sensible stairss to destruct or for good de-identify personal information when we no longer needed. Longfellows will non unwrap information about you to a company which is non a related entity unless the revelation is required or authorised by jurisprudence, or you have consented to unwraping the information about you. If you apply for an insurance policy, they may necessitate to unwrap your information to our related entities, our distributers such as agents and agents, other insurance companies, and insurance mention agency in order to find your claims history. I believe Longfellows is extremely committed to guaranting calculating security and personal security of all their clients. This degree of security committedness helps to develop a trusting relationship with their clients and unafraid prospective concern in the hereafter. 4. Current Security Status 4.1 Accidents and Catastrophes 4.1.1 Threats and Controls Power rushs, Fire, hardware failures and inadvertent omissions are low hazard events. As the companies chief office is in a major capital power breaks are uncommon, the last reported major power outage was summer of 2009 for Melbourne ( ABC News, viewed 3 May 2009 ) which caused important jobs for most of the metropolis. Rush defenders are placed on all electrical calculating sockets to pretext against unexpected power rushs. Fire could do the most important harm to the calculating system hardware and any non backup informations. The waiter room is protected by a gas extinction system which would protect hardware if the fire started else ware. All desktops would necessitate replacing as the fire system is a standard H2O system. Accidental omissions are non common events, if they were to happen informations from the backup thrust could be used to reconstruct services and informations. Hardware failures may ensue in non antiphonal constituents of the system, if a constituent is suspected of being faulty a suited replacings are readily available at a really low cost. 4.1.2 Data Analysis Figures are derived from Figure 1 Appendix A. The likeliness of exposure is a quantitative figure scaled from 0.0 to 1.0. The higher the figure indicates a high opportunity of exposure to a menace. A figure of 0.3 for power loss indicates this menace is non likely to happen shortly but still may go on at some point. Unrelated to likelihood value Level of exposure figure is per centum figure which indicates the effect should a menace eventuate. A high per centum figure would bespeak for illustration, that should a fire destroy the system so merely approximately 25 % of the system would be affected, insurance A ; personal informations could be restored from backups and waiter and desktop package re-installed from purchased package discs, all located off-premise. The cost of replacing all calculating hardware is around $ 12,000. Control bing are based upon the in agreement values of controls in topographic point to battle possible menaces, Longfellows has a dedicated waiter room with a gas fire suppression system. It has a really high apparatus associated with the apparatus The one-year loss anticipation figure is derived from the value of the plus and it quantitative value should it be compromised by a menace. As most of the menaces are see low the loss is every bit low. Combined control effectivity is a per centum figure which represents the entire effectivity of all controls against menaces for information onslaughts it s estimated to be about 99 % effectual. Savingss are calculated against the one-year cost anticipation combined with control effectiveness figure, weighted against the cost of implementing the controls. Covered Loss describes the exposed cost against the possible nest eggs. 4.1.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls The entire hazard analysis is planned for five old ages, if the company were non to see against the possible menaces so they could anticipate to lose around $ 4000 per twelvemonth. The high apparatus cost with the fire system reduces nest eggs for the first three old ages until the system pays for itself in old ages four and five. Hardware failure and package omissions are good covered by informations backup and the comparatively inexpensive cost of calculating system on the market. Security menaces from internal and external users are besides considered in the analysis. Logins from a distant beginning utilizing a valid user ID is possible given entree is granted to insurance field agents, likely interlopers could utilize cardinal lumbermans or package sniffers to observe an unfastened session with Longfellows waiter and addition entry via utilizing valid login certificates. Internal user may inadvently may derive entree to countries of sensitive informations through the internal web, to which they may non hold rights to position. This sort of invasion may travel unnoticed but if the employee were of all time to travel on so sensitive information may be used or divulged to an un-trusted outside beginning. 4.2 Datas Attacks 4.2.1 Threats and Controls As Longfellows employ s two waiters, eight desktops and two remote login computing machines for field employees it has high exposure to data onslaughts. Internet entree is allowed with no limitations so the menace from viruses either come ining from internal or external beginnings is high. Types of informations onslaughts may include worms, Trojan horses, and Spam or electronic mail lumbermans. As with any company or single utilizing the cyberspace, the menace of virus and other malicious package is considered high. Controls against this sort of onslaught are by and large provisioned for by utilizing the latest anti virus package, presently Longfellows usage Symantec Antivirus corporate edition, with a 12 month renewable licence. Two other controls are considered the Native O/S, Longfellows uses Microsoft little concern waiter, which contains security logs as portion of the O/S. Logs can capture any unusual events which may happen when the system is running. The other control is the external difficult rive which is used for regular backups of the sever informations, the thrust is maintain off premiss and is used hebdomadally. 4.2.2 Data Analysis The likeliness of exposure is a quantitative figure scaled from 0.0 to 1.0. The higher the figure indicates a high opportunity of exposure menace. A figure of 0.9 indicates this menace is likely to happen at some point. Unrelated to likelihood value Level of exposure figure is per centum figure which indicates the effect should a menace eventuate. A high per centum figure would bespeak for illustration, that should a virus enter the system so 85 % of the system could be affected. Control bing are based upon the in agreement values of package or hardware controls in topographic point to battle possible menaces, Longfellows uses antivirus package which is renewable every 12 months, a portable difficult thrust for system backup and the pick of O/S for the system ( i.e. Windows ) used for logging studies and audits of the system. The one-year loss anticipation figure is derived from the value of the plus and it quantitative value should it be compromised by a menace. A virus for illustration could be the company a $ 100,000 in corrupted informations. Each twelvemonth the value of a loss increases a 100 % . Combined control effectivity is a per centum figure which represents the entire effectivity of all controls against menaces for information onslaughts it s estimated to be about 80 % effectual. Savingss are calculated against the one-year cost anticipation combined with control effectiveness figure, weighted against the cost of implementing the controls. Covered Loss describes the exposed cost against the possible nest eggs. 4.2.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls The entire hazard analysis is planned for five old ages, if the company were non to see against the possible menaces so they could anticipate to lose in surplus of $ 1000000 in lost informations but by passing $ 5000 over five old ages could anticipate to command any of the menaces happening at all. 5. Decisions Longfellows implements some really good criterion patterns for procuring calculating informations, the usage of an industry trusted waiter which comes bundle with security characteristics built in, for illustration user histories, watchword creative activity and user privileges on the web. A current anti-virus bundle is used in concurrence with the O/S to protect against information onslaughts, with updates this should maintain the system free from viruses introduced via cyberspace or by work users. As an insurance agent they evidently keep sensitive personal and fiscal informations about clients so to protect this plus, they use of an external Hardrive kept of premiss, and used on a regular basis to maintain the system current in the event of system failure or inadvertent omissions. The chief disbursal is for the fire system in the waiter room, its initial spending was high and the company should truly merely be seeing a return on this in the hereafter. On the whole most controls have been comparatively inexpensive to implement and supply great security benefits. Overall the administration is non in demand of a major system upgrade, but could fasten overall security by implementing some of the undermentioned recommendations. 6. Recommendations As Longfellows system is comparatively unafraid merely one recommendation is presented. This is to fasten security with regard to external and internal interlopers. As two users have remote login with the system, it possibly possible for hackers to happen ways to externally commandeer the system. Detailed below is analysis for commanding such menaces. 6.1 Internal A ; External menaces 6.1.1 Threats and Controls Whether by accident or with malicious purpose the menace of unwraping secure information by internal employees is a existent menace. Longfellows employees are signed into contracts saying confidentiality about company clients, but it is still possible for an internal user to derive entree to unauthorized countries of a system by-passing security characteristics. The menace of external interlopers is of higher importance sophisticated computing machine usage s can utilize arrange of tools to derive entree to procure system, package sniffing, cardinal lumbermans and unfastened Sessionss are ways external user addition entree so go forth a back door for ulterior entry, all the clip seeking to intensify privileges within the system. It s recommended that Longfellows use a two fold attack to command these types of menaces An ISA endeavor firewall, a Microsoft merchandise specifically designed to run with Windowss little concern server a basic bundle provides unafraid coverage for a little to medium size web 2. Another hardware device a NIDS ( web invasion sensing system ) switch. All traffic will go through through the inline NIDS. Unlike a regular bridging device though, the inline NIDS will inspect the package for any exposures that it is configured to look for. If a package contains a piece of information that trips a signature the package can be forwarded or dropped and either logged or unlogged. This type of system is utile if you do nt desire the aggressor to cognize that their onslaughts are unsuccessful or if you want the aggressor to go on to assail one of your systems in an effort to garner more grounds. NIDS can besides be configured to analyze packages within the internal web. 6.1.2 Data Analysis The likeliness of exposure is a quantitative figure scaled from 0.0 to 1.0. The higher the figure indicates a high opportunity of exposure menace. A figure of 0.7 indicates this menace is extremely likely to happen at some point. Unrelated to likelihood value Level of exposure figure is per centum figure which indicates the effect should a menace eventuate. A high per centum figure would bespeak for illustration, that should an interloper enter the system so 85 % of the system could be affected. Control costing is based upon the in agreement market values of package or hardware controls in topographic point to battle possible menaces Longfellows if they were to implement these controls would be around $ 10,000 The one-year loss anticipation figure is derived from the value of the plus and it quantitative value should it be compromised by a menace. An external onslaught for illustration could be the company a $ 200,000 if the interloper went unnoticed and stole personal information of Longfellows clients. Each twelvemonth the value of a loss increases a 100 % . Combined control effectivity is a per centum figure which represents the entire effectivity of all controls against menaces for information onslaughts it s estimated to be about 80 % effectual. Savingss are calculated against the one-year cost anticipation combined with control effectiveness figure, weighted against the cost of implementing the controls. Covered Loss describes the exposed cost against the possible nest eggs. 6.1.3 Cost Effectiveness of Controls Longfellows would derive vastly from implementing tighter control of internal and external aggressors, really important personal informations, which may include recognition and banking inside informations could be capable to unauthorized entree. By put ining a more robust firewall and NIDS system security breaches become more hard for likely interlopers. The cost of puting the controls in topographic point far outweighs the loss, if a security breach of all time occurs. 7. Execution of recommended controls 7.1 Timetabling See Appendix C -Gantt chart 7.2 Duty Control Undertaking Description Undertaking duty Supervision NIDS switch Acquisition A ; Purchase Financial Controller IT Manager Director Installation A ; Initial proving IT Manager Director Final System proving IT Manager Director ISA Firewall Acquisition A ; Purchase Financial Controller IT Manager Director Installation A ; Initial proving IT Manager Director Final System proving IT Manager Director 7.3 Schedule for Review of Security and Control Items Item for Review Duty Frequency Virus package reappraisal IT Manager Weekly O/S upgrade + licensing Financial accountant Annually External Hardrive proving + ascent IT Manager 3 months Rush defenders proving Constructing care officer A ; IT director 12 months Fire system proving Fire section 6 months ISA Firewall IT director 3 months NIDS switch IT trough 3 months Password file Administration officer Weekly Security policy reappraisal IT Manager/ Director 12 months

How Carbon Fiber Tubes Are Made

How Carbon Fiber Tubes Are Made Carbon fiber tubes are ideal for both the hobbyist and industry professional. Using the rigidity of the carbon fibers, an extremely stiff yet lightweight tubular structure can be used in a wide range of applications. Carbon fiber tubes can replace steel, but more often than not, it is replacing aluminum. In many instances, a carbon fiber tube can weigh 1/3rd of an aluminum tube and still have the same or better strength characteristics. Because of this, carbon fiber reinforced tubes are often found in applications lightweight is crucial, like aerospace, race cars, and recreational sports. The most common carbon fiber tubular profile shapes are squares, rectangles, and circular. The rectangular and square profiles are commonly referred to as a box beam. Carbon fiber box beams provide excellent rigidity to a structure and simulate two parallel I-beams. Carbon Fiber Tube Applications Any application where weight is crucial, switching to carbon fiber will be beneficial. The following are some of the most common uses of carbon fiber tubes: Aerospace beams and sparsFormula 1 structural componentsArrow shaftsBicycle tubesKayak paddles Manufacturing Carbon Fiber Tubes Hollow composite structures can be difficult to manufacture. This is because pressure needs to be applied to both in internal and the external side of the laminate. More often than not, carbon fiber tubes with a continuous profile are manufactured by either pultrusion or filament winding. Pultruded tubes are by far the most cost-effective method of manufacturing continuous composite profiles. When pultruding a hollow tube, a floating mandrel is required. A chromed steel rod is firmly affixed in place on the side of the die where the raw material enters. The mounting hardware is far enough away that does not interfere with the impregnated fiber as it enters the die. The space between the mandrel and the die will determine the wall thickness of the carbon fiber tube. Pultruding carbon fiber tubes allow for the production of tubing of virtually any length. Transportation of the tube is generally the restriction on length. In pultrusion, most of the fiber will run the direction of the tube. This creates a tube with a tremendous about of stiffness, but not much hoop strength, or cross-directional strength. Filament Wound Carbon Fiber Tubes For increased strength and properties in all directions, filament winding is an effective method in manufacturing carbon fiber tubes. Filament wound tubes are cost effective and have excellent properties, however, the largest limitation is based on the length of the winding machine. Other Manufacturing Processes Pultrusion and filament winding, although the most common, is not the only way to manufacture carbon fiber tubes. Bladder molding, compression molding, vacuum infusion, and autoclave processing are all methods to manufacture carbon fiber tubes. Each has its own advantage and disadvantage as well.

Risk management (casa study of British American Topacco Pls(BAT)) Essay

Risk management (casa study of British American Topacco Pls(BAT)) - Essay Example In the year 2009, the subsidiaries of the company enabled global governments to earn over  £26 billion in a financial year from taxes together with excise duty on their product. The subsidiary companies of BAT operate in 41 countries producing through 50 cigarette factories around 724 billion amounts of cigarettes. The company employs around 60,000 people globally. The organisational decisions are made keeping in view certain policies, strategies, standards, and delegated authorities. The benefit of local stakeholders to a business is the pivotal point in any organisational decision. The management of BAT is also conscious about their operating responsibilities as they produce products which pose risk related to the health aspects. The company works coherently with thousands of global tobacco farmers. These attributes have made the company a leading global giant in the tobacco industry. In this report, the inherent risks associated with any organisation will be analysed. Stakeholde rs’ benefit is a significant part of any business. They are generally concerned about their losses and gains from any business before investing in it. Therefore, the manager of any business has to try and mitigate any risks related to any business for shareholders to keep faith in the organisational business policies and initiatives and thus enabling them to consider making further investments into the business. The corporate governance process also is an integral part of any business organisation, as they have to carry out their financial activities as well as their organisational activities keeping in view the regulations of corporate governance (British American Tobacco, n.d.). Risk is an integral part of any business venture. Therefore, there is a need to properly manage risk in order to maximise the benefits from a business and reduce the damage which may be caused due to the risk associated with it. Risk management is a very